-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q1
-- 1. Write an assembly language program to add the two numbers X and Y where X=1234H and Y=5678H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: 16-bit addition, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DW 1234H
var2 DW 5678H
res DW ?
carry DB 00H
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, var1
ADD AX, var2
MOV res, AX

JNC NO_CARRY
MOV carry, 01H

NO_CARRY:
INT 03H
CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q1

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q2
-- 2. Write an assembly language program to subtract Y from X where X=9999H and Y=1111H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: 16-bit subtraction, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DW 9999H
var2 DW 1111H
res DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, var1
SUB AX, var2
MOV res, AX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q2

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q3
-- 3. Write an assembly language program to perform X*Y where X=3000H and Y=1000H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: 16-bit multiplication, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DW 3000H
var2 DW 1000H
res DD ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, var1
MUL var2

MOV WORD PTR res, AX
MOV WORD PTR res+2, DX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q3

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q4
-- 4. Write an assembly language program to perform X divided by Y where X=3000H and Y=1000H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: 16-bit division, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DW 3000H
var2 DW 1000H
quot DW ?
rem DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, var1
MOV DX, 0000H
DIV var2

MOV quot, AX
MOV rem, DX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q4

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q5
-- 5. Write an assembly language program to add two numbers X and Y where X=12341000H and Y=56783000H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: 32-bit addition, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DD 12341000H
var2 DD 56783000H
res DD ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, WORD PTR var1
ADD AX, WORD PTR var2
MOV WORD PTR res, AX

MOV AX, WORD PTR var1+2
ADC AX, WORD PTR var2+2
MOV WORD PTR res+2, AX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q5

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q6
-- 6. Write an assembly language program to subtract Y from X where X=56783000H and Y=12341000H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: 32-bit subtraction, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DD 56783000H
var2 DD 12341000H
res DD ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AX, WORD PTR var1
SUB AX, WORD PTR var2
MOV WORD PTR res, AX

MOV AX, WORD PTR var1+2
SBB AX, WORD PTR var2+2
MOV WORD PTR res+2, AX

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q6

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q7
-- 7. Write an assembly language program to find the sum of given series of numbers 33H, 43H, 13H, 06H, 03H and 01H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: sum of series, array addition, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 33H, 43H, 13H, 06H, 03H, 01H
cnt DB 06H
res DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV CL, cnt
MOV AX, 0000H

ADD_LOOP:
MOV BL, [SI]
MOV BH, 00H
ADD AX, BX
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ ADD_LOOP

MOV res, AX
INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q7

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q8
-- 8. Write an assembly language program to find the average of given series of numbers 33H, 43H, 13H, 06H, 03H and 01H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: average of series, array mean, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 33H, 43H, 13H, 06H, 03H, 01H
cnt DB 06H
res DB ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV CL, cnt
MOV AX, 0000H

ADD_LOOP:
MOV BL, [SI]
MOV BH, 00H
ADD AX, BX
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ ADD_LOOP

DIV cnt
MOV res, AL

INT 03H

END START
-- @END: LAB_Q8

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q9
-- 9. Write an assembly language program to add the cubes of given series of numbers 03H, 02H, 05H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: sum of cubes, loop, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 03H, 02H, 05H
cnt DB 03H
res DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV CL, cnt
MOV BX, 0000H

CUBE_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI]
MUL AL
MOV DL, [SI]
MUL DL
ADD BX, AX
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ CUBE_LOOP

MOV res, BX
INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q9

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q10
-- 10. Write an assembly language program to add the squares of given series of numbers 03H, 02H, 05H. Verify the experimental output with theoretical values. Keywords: sum of squares, loop, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 03H, 02H, 05H
cnt DB 03H
res DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV CL, cnt
MOV BX, 0000H

SUM_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI]
MUL AL
ADD BX, AX
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ SUM_LOOP

MOV res, BX
INT 03H


CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q10

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q11
-- 11. Write an assembly language program to find the largest from the given series of numbers 08H, 0DH, 0FH, 03H, 09H and 0AH. Keywords: largest number, array max, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 08H, 0DH, 0FH, 03H, 09H, 0AH
cnt DB 06H
res DB ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV CL, cnt
MOV AL, [SI]
INC SI
DEC CL

FIND_MAX:
CMP AL, [SI]
JAE SKIP
MOV AL, [SI]
SKIP:
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ FIND_MAX

MOV res, AL
INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q11

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q12
-- 12. Write an assembly language program to find the sort the given series of numbers 0AH, 0DH, 0FH, 03H, 09H and 13H in descending order. Keywords: bubble sort, descending order, array sort, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 0AH, 0DH, 0FH, 03H, 09H, 13H
cnt DB 06H
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV CL, cnt
DEC CL

OUTER_LOOP:
LEA SI, arr
MOV CH, CL

INNER_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL, [SI+1]
JAE NO_SWAP

MOV BL, [SI+1]
MOV [SI], BL
MOV [SI+1], AL

NO_SWAP:
INC SI
DEC CH
JNZ INNER_LOOP
DEC CL
JNZ OUTER_LOOP

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q12

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q13
-- 13. Write an assembly language program to find the smallest from the given series of numbers 03H, 0DH, 0FH, 0BH, 99H and 12H. Keywords: smallest number, array min, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 03H, 0DH, 0FH, 0BH, 99H, 12H
cnt DB 06H
res DB ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV CL, cnt
MOV AL, [SI]
INC SI
DEC CL

FIND_MIN:
CMP AL, [SI]
JBE SKIP
MOV AL, [SI]
SKIP:
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ FIND_MIN

MOV res, AL
INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q13

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q14
-- 14. Write an assembly language program to sort the given series of numbers A3H, CDH, BFH, B3H, 99H and AFH in ascending order. Keywords: bubble sort, ascending order, array sort, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 0A3H, 0CDH, 0BFH, 0B3H, 99H, 0AFH
cnt DB 06H
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV CL, cnt
DEC CL

OUTER_LOOP:
LEA SI, arr
MOV CH, CL

INNER_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL, [SI+1]
JBE NO_SWAP

MOV BL, [SI+1]
MOV [SI], BL
MOV [SI+1], AL


NO_SWAP:
INC SI
DEC CH
JNZ INNER_LOOP
DEC CL
JNZ OUTER_LOOP

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q14

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q15
-- 15. Write and assembly language program to find the length of the string "EXCELLENT". Keywords: string length, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
str1 DB 'EXCELLENT$'
res DB ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, str1
MOV CL, 00H

COUNT_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL, '$'
JE DONE
INC CL
INC SI
JMP COUNT_LOOP

DONE:
MOV res, CL
INT 03H
CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q15

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q16
-- 16. Write and assembly language program if the character "E" is there in the string "MOVIE". Keywords: search character, string traversal, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
str1 DB 'MOVIE$'
char1 DB 'E'
res DB 00H
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, str1
MOV AL, char1

SEARCH_LOOP:
MOV BL, [SI]
CMP BL, '$'
JE NOT_FOUND
CMP BL, AL
JE IS_FOUND
INC SI
JMP SEARCH_LOOP

IS_FOUND:
MOV res, 01H

NOT_FOUND:
INT 03H
CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q16

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q17
-- 17. Write and assembly language program to reverse the string "MANGO". Keywords: reverse string, string operations, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
str1 DB 'MANGO$'
str2 DB 6 DUP ('$')
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX

LEA SI, str1
MOV CX, 05H
ADD SI, CX
DEC SI

LEA DI, str2

REVERSE_LOOP:
MOV AL, [SI]
MOV [DI], AL
DEC SI
INC DI
LOOP REVERSE_LOOP

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q17

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q18
-- 18. Write and assembly language program to concatenate the two strings "RE" and "ADMIT". Keywords: concatenate string, join strings, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
str1 DB 'RE$'
str2 DB 'ADMIT$'
str3 DB 10 DUP ('$')
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX

LEA SI, str1
LEA DI, str3

COPY_STR1:
MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL, '$'
JE COPY_STR2
MOV [DI], AL
INC SI
INC DI
JMP COPY_STR1

COPY_STR2:
LEA SI, str2

COPY_LOOP2:
MOV AL, [SI]
CMP AL, '$'
JE DONE
MOV [DI], AL
INC SI
INC DI
JMP COPY_LOOP2

DONE:
INT 03H
CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q18

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q19
-- 19. Write an assembly language program to move the string "ADASTRA" from data segment to extra segment. Keywords: move string, MOVSB, memory copy, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
str1 DB 'ADASTRA$'
DATA ENDS

EXTRA SEGMENT
str2 DB 8 DUP ('$')
EXTRA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV AX, EXTRA
MOV ES, AX

LEA SI, str1
LEA DI, str2
MOV CX, 07H

REP MOVSB

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q19

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q20
-- 20. Write an assembly language program to find the factorial of the number X=05H. Keywords: factorial, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
var1 DB 05H
res DW ?
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

MOV AL, var1
MOV AH, 00H
MOV CX, AX
DEC CX

FACT_LOOP:
MUL CX
DEC CX
JNZ FACT_LOOP

MOV res, AX
INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q20

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q21
-- 21. Write an assembly language program to print first 10 Fibonacci numbers. Keywords: Fibonacci sequence, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
arr DB 10 DUP(?)
cnt DB 0AH
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX

LEA SI, arr
MOV AL, 00H
MOV [SI], AL
INC SI

MOV BL, 01H
MOV [SI], BL
INC SI

MOV CL, cnt
SUB CL, 02H

FIB_LOOP:
ADD AL, BL
MOV [SI], AL
MOV AL, BL
MOV BL, [SI]
INC SI
DEC CL
JNZ FIB_LOOP

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q21

-- @BEGIN: LAB_Q22
-- 22. Write an assembly language program to compare two strings "HEEL" and "HEAL". Keywords: compare strings, string match, CMPSB, MASM, 8086
ASSUME CS:CODE, DS:DATA

DATA SEGMENT
str1 DB 'HEEL$'
str2 DB 'HEAL$'
msg1 DB 'EQUAL$'
msg2 DB 'NOT EQUAL$'
DATA ENDS

CODE SEGMENT
START:
MOV AX, DATA
MOV DS, AX
MOV ES, AX

LEA SI, str1
LEA DI, str2
MOV CX, 04H

REPE CMPSB
JE EQUAL

LEA DX, msg2
JMP DISPLAY

EQUAL:
LEA DX, msg1

DISPLAY:
MOV AH, 09H
INT 21H

INT 03H

CODE ENDS
END START
-- @END: LAB_Q22